Diabetes in pregnancy most commonly refers to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a condition first diagnosed during pregnancy. It results from hormonal changes that affect insulin sensitivity, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. In many cases, gestational diabetes is asymptomatic and identified only through routine screening, making systematic antenatal testing essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
Poorly controlled gestational diabetes may increase the risk of complications such as excessive fetal growth (macrosomia), preterm birth, operative delivery including caesarean section, and neonatal metabolic disturbances. It is also associated with a higher long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother. Early diagnosis and appropriate glycaemic control significantly reduce these risks and improve perinatal outcomes.
Screening and Diagnosis
Screening is typically performed during the second trimester using an oral glucose tolerance test, while women at increased risk may be assessed earlier in pregnancy.
Management and Glycaemic Control
Management is primarily based on a structured nutritional plan, regular physical activity, and close monitoring of blood glucose levels. In selected cases, pharmacological treatment, including insulin therapy where indicated, may be required to achieve optimal glycaemic control.
Pregnancy Monitoring
Close obstetric and metabolic monitoring helps ensure the smooth progression of pregnancy. With appropriate medical guidance and close collaboration with the treating physician, diabetes in pregnancy can be effectively managed, safeguarding the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby.